Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) "Acid Reflux"

Chronic symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux in the esophagus

Transient or permanent changes in the barrier between the esophagus and the stomach, may be due to incompetence of the cardia, transient cardia relaxation, impaired expulsion of gastric reflux from the esophagus, or a hiatus hernia.


Symptoms

Heartburn is the major symptom of acid in the esophagus, characterized by burning discomfort behind the breastbone (sternum)

- Esophagitis (reflux esophagitis) — inflammatory changes in the esophageal lining (mucosa)
- Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
- Chronic chest pain
- Cough, hoarseness, voice changes, chronic ear ache, nausea
- Sinusitis



H2-receptor Antagonists

- H2-receptor antagonists reduce secretion of gastric acid by blocking H2-receptors.

- Used in short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcers and prevention of ulcer recurrence.

- Also used for heartburn.

Examples of H2 Receptor Antagonist
Pepcid AC, Zantac, Axid

H2-receptor Antagonists: Adverse Effects

Common Adverse Effects: GI disturbances, headache, drowsiness, confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and reversible impotence

Serious Adverse Effects: cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest after IV bolus dose


Proton Pump Inhibitors

Act by blocking hydrochloric acid production

Used to heal stomach and duodenal ulcers and relieve symptoms of GERD and esophagitis

Examples
Prevacid